tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78578519976117828572024-03-05T21:32:19.045-08:00Physics FrontiersPhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.comBlogger77125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-40810922915838254432024-01-28T18:40:00.000-08:002024-01-28T18:40:42.170-08:00Undecidability and Theories of Everything with Claus Kiefer<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/07/stochastic-thermodynamics-with-david.html> ← Previous ( Stochastic Thermodynamics ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Uncertainty & TOEs ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe width="100%" height="205" allow="encrypted-media" frameborder="0" src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/v2/podcast/5495687?episode_id=10680777&theme=light" style="border: none; height: 205px; width: 100%;"></iframe>
Recorded: 2023/08/07
Released: 2024/01/28
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks with Claus Kiefer about his recent essay on the relationship between the Gödel's incompleteness theoerems and the possibility of developing a theory of everything. Incompleteness was originally developed to show that every axiomatic system that is sufficiently robust admits well-formed statements that have a liar's paradox-like structure - if you assume the statement is true, you can prove it's false, and vice-versa. This statement is then said to be undecidable. Undecidability also famously comes up in the halting problem of computer science and the continuum hypothesis. Professor Kiefer speculates here that theories of everything are similarly undecidable.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The article that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Kiefer, Claus, "Gödel's undecidability theorems and the search for a theory of everything" (2023) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.07331>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
2. Other papers referred to in this podcast:
<ul><li> Cubitt, T.,D. Perez-Garcia and H.M. Wolf, "<a href = https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16059>Undecidability of the Spectral Gap</a>." <i>Nature</i> <b>528</b> 207 (2015) [<a href =https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.04135>arXiv</a>] </li>
<li> Goedel,, K., "On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems." <i>Monatshefte für Mathematik
und Physik</i> <b>38</b> 173 (1931) [<a href = https://homepages.uc.edu/~martinj/History_of_Logic/Godel/Godel%20%E2%80%93%20On%20Formally%20Undecidable%20Propositions%20of%20Principia%20Mathematica%201931.pdf>Free</a>]</li>
<ul><li><a href = https://amzn.to/3OlnZJ1>The Undecidable</a> [Amazon], M. Davis, ed. Reprints Goedel's paper and other work from the 1930's. Dover book.</li></ul>
</ul>
3. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/69">Physics Frontiers 69: The Flavor Puzzle with Joe Davighi</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/62">Physics Frontiers 62: Deformed Special Relativity</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/45">Physics Frontiers 45: Loop Quantum Gravity</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/35">Physics Frontiers 35: The String THeory Landscape.</a>
</ul>
4. Books mentioned:<br><ul>
<li><a href = https://youtu.be/-SCeZn9oEF0?si=pTWKmi9I6hGb7Mnk>Quantum Gravity, 3rd. Ed.</a>, Claus Kiefer. Claus' book on quantum gravity.</li>
<li><a href = https://amzn.to/3vXhBBy>The Physical Basis of the Direction of Time</a>, H. Dieter Zeh. Excellent book going over how the arrow of time might be directed via different aspects of physics. <a href = https://youtu.be/-SCeZn9oEF0?si=pTWKmi9I6hGb7Mnk>Video Review</a> </li>
<li><a href = https://amzn.to/3OlnZJ1>The Undecidable</a> [Amazon], M. Davis, ed. Reprints Goedel's paper and other work from the 1930's. Dover book.</li>
<li><a href = https://amzn.to/47Ril8w>The Character of Physical Law</a>, Richard Feynman</li>
<li><a href = https://amzn.to/3SfAuHa>Road to Reality</a>, Roger Penrose</li>
<li><a href = https://amzn.to/4bhBQty>Non Standard Analysis</a>, Abraham Robinson or <a rhef = https://amzn.to/47W1P6W>Applied Non-Standard Analysis</a>, Martin Davis. Two books on non-standard analysis. Despite The Undecidable and Applied Non-Standard Analysis being about 6" from each other on my bookshelves for at least a decade, I didn't make the connection that the editor of the first was also the author of the second until this moment.</li>
<li><a href = https://amzn.to/4bicVpN>Goedel, Escher, Bach</a>, D. Hofstadter.</li>
</ul>
5. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/07/stochastic-thermodynamics-with-david.html> ← Previous ( Stochastic Thermodynamics ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Uncertainty & TOEs ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-60514830202195854062023-08-20T06:33:00.003-07:002023-08-20T06:37:34.192-07:00The Measurement Problem with Nick Ormrod and V. Vilasini<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/07/stochastic-thermodynamics-with-david.html> ← Previous ( Stochastic Thermodynamics ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Uncertainty & TOEs ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10591130?style=normal&width=504&height=208" width="504" height="208" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe>
Recorded: 2023/07/17
Released: 2023/08/20
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks with Nick Ormrod and V. Vilasini about their use of categorical probability theory to study the measurement problem of quantum mechanics. They use the CPT to analyze a no-go theorem to see where there are weaknesses in the underlying structure of quantum mechanics without referring to particular mathematical formualtions of the subject, allowing them to show that the measurement problem comes from difficulties in our understanding of the evolution of quantum states or the way we interpret measurements.
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-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The article that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Ormrod, N., V. Vilasini, and J. Barrett, "Which Theories Have a Measurement Problem?" (2023) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03353>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
2. Other papers referred to in this podcast:
<ul><li> N. Ormrod and J. Barrett, "A No-Go Theorem for Absolute Observed Events Without Inequalities or Modal Logic." [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.03940>arXiv</a>] </li>
<li> V. Vilasini and M. P. Woods, "A General Framework for Consistent Logical Reasoning in Wigner's Friend Scenarios: Subjective Perspectives of Agents Within a Single Quantum Circuit." [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.09281>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Maudlin, T., "<a href =https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00763473 >Three Measurement Problems</a>." <i>Topoi</i> <b>14</b> 7 (1995).</li>
</ul>
3. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/46">Physics Frontiers 46: Wigner's Friend</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/44">Physics Frontiers 44: Spooky Action at a Distance</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/30">Physics Frontiers 30: The Consistent Histories Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/2">Physics Frontiers 2: The de Broglie-Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a>
</ul>
4. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/07/stochastic-thermodynamics-with-david.html> ← Previous ( Stochastic Thermodynamics ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Uncertainty & TOEs ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-68841691428736115182023-07-09T06:49:00.003-07:002023-07-09T07:02:06.549-07:00Stochastic Thermodynamics with David Wolpert<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/06/quantum-money-with-jiahui-liu.html> ← Previous ( Quantum Money ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Meaurement Problem ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10568607?style=normal&width=504&height=208" width="504" height="208" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe>
Recorded: 2023/05/10
Released: 2023/07/09
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks with David Wolpert about the stochastic thermodynamics of compuation. The discussion focuses on recent developments in the relationship between non-equilibrium processes and information processing, having deep implications on how we view the world and how we apply statistical physics to biological, computational, and other systems.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The articles that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Tasmin, F., N. Fuentes, and D. Wolpert, "The Fundamental Thermodynamic Costs of Communications." (2023) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04320>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li>Wolpert, D., "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/abc5c6>Minimal Entropy Production of Interacting Systems</a>." <i>New Journal of Physics</i> <b>22</b> 113013 (2020) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.02205>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li>Wolpert, D., "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1751-8121/ab0850/meta>The Stochastic Thermodynamcis of Computation</a>." <i>J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.</i> <b>52</b> 193001 (2019). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.05669>arXiv</a>] (Review Article)
</ul>
2. Other papers referred to in this podcast:
<ul><li> Landauer, R., "<a href = https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5392446>Irreversibility and the Heat Generation in the Computing Process</a>" (IEEE Reprint). <i>IBM J. Res. Dev.</i> <b>5</b> 283 (1961).[<a href = http://physics.bu.edu/~pankajm/PY541/Landauer-1961.pdf>Free</a>] [see 4]</li>
<li> Bennett, C.H., "Logical Reversibility of Computation." <i>IBM J. Res. Dev.</i> <b>17</b> 525 (1973). [<a href = https://mathweb.ucsd.edu/~sbuss/CourseWeb/Math268_2013W/Bennett_Reversibiity.pdf>Free</a>] [see 4]</li>
<li> Sagawa, T., "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-5468/2014/03/P03025>Thermodynamic and Logical Reversibilities Revisited</a>." <i>J. Stat. Mech.</i> <b>2014</b> P03025 (2014).[<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1886>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Parrondo, J.M.R/, J. M. Horowitz, and T. Sagawa, "<a href = https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys3230>Thermodynamics of Information</a>." <i>Nature Physics</i> <b>11</b>, 131 (2015). </li>
3. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/68">Physics Frontiers 68: Quantum Resource Theories</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/16">Physics Frontiers 16: Stochastic Resonance Energy Harvesting</a>
</ul>
4. Many of the classic works about the thermodyanmics of information, including many by Landauer and Bennett who are discussed in the episodde, are reprinted in Maxwell's Demon [<a href = https://amzn.to/3JTzhBZ>Amazon</a>], edited by Leff and Rex. Supplementing this with some of the references above would be useful.
5. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/06/quantum-money-with-jiahui-liu.html> ← Previous ( Quantum Money ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Measurement Problem ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-30283353106357008682023-06-18T06:39:00.002-07:002023-06-20T05:32:25.586-07:00Quantum Money with Jiahui Liu<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/04/the-born-rule-and-gravity-with-antony.html> ← Previous ( Born Rule and Gravity ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Stochastic Thermodynamics ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10557032?style=normal&width=504&height=208" width="504" height="208" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe>
Recorded: 2023/03/28
Released: 2023/06/18
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks with Jiahui Liu about quantum money. Quantum Money is a key milestone in quantum crytography -- not for the breaking of codes (e.g., Shor's algothrithm), but instead for using quantum computing to improve cryptography beyond what is possible in classical cryptography. The difficulty is, however, a fully satisfactory way to implement quantum money is not currently known. Jiahui discusses both how to show that a possible implementation doesn't work, and how she developed another scheme to implemet quantum money. She also discusses the history of quantum money and some of the things quantum crytographers can do once they have a reliable quantum money scheme.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The articles that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Liu, J., H. Montogomery, and M. Zhandry, "<a href = https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-30545-0_21>Another Round of Breaking and Making Quantum Money: How to Not Build It from Lattices, and More</a>." in <u>Advances in Cryptography - EUROCRYPT2023</u> <i>Lecture Notes in Computer Science</i> <b>14004</b> 611 (2023) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.11994>arXiv</a>]
</ul>
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/64">Physics Frontiers 64: The Born Rule</a>
</ul>
3. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/04/the-born-rule-and-gravity-with-antony.html> ← Previous ( Born Rule and Gravity ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Stochastic Thermodynamics ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-10597662910183635302023-04-23T16:04:00.000-07:002023-04-23T16:04:19.751-07:00The Born Rule and Gravity with Antony Valentini<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-primordial-graviton-background-with.html> ← Previous ( Graviton Background ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Quantum Money ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10521970?style=normal&width=504&height=208" width="504" height="208" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe>
Recorded: 2023/03/03
Released: 2023/04/23
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks with Antony Valentini about the status of the Born Rule in quantum gravity. In particular, it doesn't work. Since the wavefunction cannot be normalized in quantum gravity, there is no way to interpret Ψ as the knowledge of the observer about the quantum system. Instead, some realist interpretation of the wavefunction is required. In this regard, Jim and Anotony also discuss the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation in light of quantum gravity.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The articles that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Valentini, A., "<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-022-00635-0>Beyond the Born Rule in Qunatum Gravity</a>." <i>Found. Phys.</i> <b>53</b>, 6 (2023) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.12175>arXiv</a>]
<li>Valentini, A., "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2058-7058/22/11/36>Beyond the Quantum</a>." <i>Physics World</i> <b>22</b>, 32 (2009) [<a href = >arXiv</a>]
</ul>
2. Some other articles mentioned in the podcast:
<ul><li>Valentini, A., "Quantum Gravity and Quantum Probability." (2021) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.07966>arXiv</a>]
<li>Kiefer, C. and T. Singh, "Quantum Gravitational Ccorrections to the Functional Schrödinger Equation." <i>Phys. Rev. D</i> <b>44</b> 1067 (1991).
<li>Kiefer, C. and P. Peter, "Time in Quantum Cosmology." <i>Universe</i> <b>8</b> 36 (2022). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.05788>arXiv</a>].
<li>Bohm, D. "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.85.166>A Suggested Interpretation of Quantum Theory in Terms of 'Hidden' Variables I</a>." <i>Phys. Rev.</i> <b>85</b>, 166 (1952).
<li>Bohm, D. "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.85.166>A Suggested Interpretation of Quantum Theory in Terms of 'Hidden' Variables II</a>." <i>Phys. Rev.</i> <b>85</b>, 180 (1952).
</ul>
3. Books mentioned in the podcast:<br>
<ul><li>Holland, P. R., <i>The Quantum Theory of Motion: an Account of the de Broglie-Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</i>. Cambridge, 1993. [<a href = https://amzn.to/3H8fuNW>Amazon</a>]
<li>Anderson, E., <i>The Problem of Time: Quantum Mechanics Versus General Relativity</i>. Springer, 2017. [<a href =https://amzn.to/3L1EK9N>Amazon</a>] </ul>
4. Antony's lectures mentioned in the discussion:<br>
<ul><li>Valentini, A., "<a href = https://pirsa.org/18020103>The Born Rule Unstable in Quantum Gravity</a>." Perimeter Institute, February 15th, 2018.>
<li>Valentini, A., "<a href = https://youtu.be/S3hp0MAHwYU>Quantum Gravity and Quantum Probability.</a>" Quantum Limits of Knowledge Conference, 2021.</ul>
5. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li> <a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/71>Physics Frontiers 71: The Primordial Graviton Background</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/64">Physics Frontiers 64: Teh Born Rule</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/51">Physics Frontiers 51: Gravitational Wave Astronomy</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/2">Physics Frontiers 2: The de Broglie-Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a> </ul>
6. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-primordial-graviton-background-with.html> ← Previous ( Graviton Background ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Quantum Money ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-18558741457211938832023-02-19T07:43:00.000-08:002023-02-19T07:43:13.137-08:00The Primordial Graviton Background with Sunny Vagnozzi<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/12/path-integrals-and-entanglement-with.html> ← Previous ( Path Integrals ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Born Gravity ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10480903?style=normal&width=504&height=208" width="504" height="208" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe>
Recorded: 2022/12/01
Released: 2023/2/19
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks with Sunny Vagnozzi of the University of Trento about a way to disprove inflationary theories of cosmology. All of them. If we were able to see a Primordial Graviton Background, which is the graviational equivalent to the cosmic microwave background, then we would know that there was no inflation. The event that would create the graviton background would have to occur before cosmic inflation started, and inflation would smooth it out. And the background would disappear.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The article that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Vagnozzi, S. and A. Loeb, "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ac9b0e>The Challenge of Ruling Out Inflation via the Primordial Graviton Background</a>." <i>ApJL</i> <b>939</b>, L22 (2022) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.02945>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li> <a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/59>Physics Frontiers 59: The Hubble Crisis</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/57">Physics Frontiers 57: Quantum Effects in Gravitational Waves</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/51">Physics Frontiers 51: Gravitational Wave Astronomy</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/48">Physics Frontiers 48: The Gertsenstein Effect</a> </ul>
3. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/12/path-integrals-and-entanglement-with.html> ← Previous ( Path Integrals ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Born Gravity ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-46552947364456575632022-12-18T07:49:00.009-08:002023-02-19T08:20:08.492-08:00Path Integrals and Entanglement with Kenneth Wharton<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/11/flavor-unification-with-joe-davighi.html> ← Previous ( Flavor Puzzle ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-primordial-graviton-background-with.html>( Inflation Falsification ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10442076?style=normal&width=504&height=208" width="504" height="208" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2022/11/08
Released: 2022/12/18
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks with Ken Wharton of San Jose State University about how to apply path integrals to situations to entangled particles. Being an equivalent way to compute amplitudes for different experiments, when applied to various experiments, Bell-type correlations, entanglement swapping, delayed choice experiments, and the triangle network, the mathematics gives the same correlations. But, the interpretation of a path integral - a Lorentz covariant description based on local paths - is very different than that of a traditional wave function - a non-local description of the effects of measurements. This leads to a tension in how to interpret entanglement in the first place.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The article that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Wharton, K. and R. Liu, "<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-022-00664-9>Entanglement and Path Integrals</a>." <i>Foundations of Physics</i> <b>53</b>, 23 (2023) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.02945>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li>Tyagi, N. nad K. Wharton, "<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-021-00520-2>Spacetime Path Integrals for Entangled Staes</a>." <i>Foundations of Physics</i> <b>52</b> 9 (2022) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.02425>arXiv</a>] </li>
<li> Wharton, K., "<a href = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269322004440?via%3Dihub>Towards and Realistic Parsing of the Feynman Path Integral</a>." <i>Quanta</i> <b>5</b>, 1 (2016). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.00740>arXiv</a>]
</ul>
2. Related papers that I read or Ken referred to in the podcast:
<uL><li>Price, H. and K. Wharton, "<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-021-00511-3>Entanglement Swapping and Action at a Distance</a>." <i>Foundations of Physics</i>, <b>51</b> 105 (2021) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.05370>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li>Sorkin, R., "<a href = https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S021773239400294X>Quantum Mechanics as Quantum Measure Theory</a>." <i>Mod. Phys. Lett.</i> <b>9</b> 3119 (1994) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9401003>arXiv</a>].</li>
</ul>
3. Books referred to in the program:<ul>
<li> Feynman, R. <i><a href =https://amzn.to/3j7ei45>QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter</a></i>. [Amazon] A great, non-technical introduction to quantum electrodynamics, and therefore path integrals. As an undergraduate I found it an inspiring text, and when I ran a book club at Xavier for the physics students, we always had a good time when it came around.</li>
<li> Griffiths, R., <i><a href = https://amzn.to/3FBHojG>Consistent Quantum Theory</a>.</i> [Amazon]. I have to confess that, although I bought a copy of this book after Randy and I did the episode on Consistent Histories, I have yet to read it.</li>
<li> Mattuck, R., <i><a href = https://amzn.to/3YYi5Bn>A Guide to Feynman Diagrams in the Many-Body Problem</a></i>. [Amazon] This has the pinball-game description the sum-over-histories approach - before getting into the deepest, darkest forest of constructing Green's functions for probability amplitudes. Since it's a Dover book, the first couple of chapters alone are worth the price. Like I said, the transition from the pinball game to the quantum pinball game was a little too much for me as an undergraduate, but after the recording podcast I've been working through it, and it's really not so difficult -- as long as you're up on your basic non-relativistic quantum mechanics. The reason why the it was called "Feynman Diagrams for Idiots" by graduate students and, looking at the preface to the second addition, much worse by reviewers (especially Russian reviewers) is that it has lots of cartoons scattered throughout the book. These are actually jewels, and are a third reason to pick up this book, either at the physics library or the bookstore, not a reason to avoid it.</li>
<li> Aharanov, A. and D. Rohrlich, <i><a href = https://amzn.to/3BLIUPc>Quantum Paradoxes: Quantum Theory for the Perplexed</a></i>. [Amazon] Randy and I started our first podcast with this book. Partially because of that, I've read it three times, cover-to-cover. The Perimeter Institute gave a conference on the topic in 2016, "Concepts and Paradoxes in a Quantum Universe," which you can view either <a href = https://pirsa.org/C16015>all contributions</a> or just <a href = https://pirsa.org/C16008>Aharonov's</a>. I have all the talks on mp3 to play in the car (back when PIRSA allowed you to download the mp3's directly - I'm not bitter about the change [Yes I am]).</li>
</ul>
4. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li> <a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/65>Physics Frontiers 65: Time and Causality.</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/46">Physics Frontiers 46: Wigner's Friend</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/44">Physics Frontiers 44: Spooky Action at a Distance</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/33">Physics Frontiers 33: Retrocausality</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/30">Physics Frontiers 30: The Consistent Histories Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/13">Physics Frontiers 13: Exotic Photon Trajectories in Quantum Mechanics</a></li> </ul>
5. If you'd like to know more about Ken Wharton, I have some additional questions <i>not</i> about path integrals on <a href = https://youtu.be/M_bSHl36XQY>YouTube</a>.
5. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/11/flavor-unification-with-joe-davighi.html> ← Previous ( Flavor Puzzle ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-primordial-graviton-background-with.html>( Inflation Falsification ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-1213821289014855152022-11-20T06:28:00.003-08:002022-12-18T08:33:24.139-08:00Flavor Unification with Joe Davighi<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/09/quantum-resource-theories-with-gilad.html> ← Previous ( Resource Theories ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/12/path-integrals-and-entanglement-with.html>( Path Intgrals )</a> Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10423477?style=normal&width=504&height=208" width="504" height="208" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2022/08/23
Released: 2022/11/20
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks with Joe Davighi about gauge flavor unification. Joe's work is on a set of gauge theories that unify the various generations of leptons at high energies. We discuss gauge symmetries, symmetry breaking, and so on, as well as some implications of his work including leptoquarks and proton stability.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The article that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Davighi, J., "Gauge Flavor Unification fron the Flavour Puzzle to Stable Protons." [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.04482>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li>Davighi, J. and J. Tooby-Smith, "<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/JHEP09(2022)193>Electroweak Flavour Unification</a>." <i>JHEP</i> <b>2022</b> 193 (2022) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.07245>arXiv</a>] </li>
<li> Dahivghi, J., A. Greljo, and A.E. Thomsen, "<a href = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269322004440?via%3Dihub>Leptoquarks with Exactly Stable Protons</a>." <i>Phys. Lett. B</i> <b>833</b>, 137310 (2022). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.05275>arXiv</a>]
</ul>
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li> <a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/58>Physics Frontiers 58: The Higgs Portal.</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/52">Physics Frontiers 52: Sterile Neutrinos</a></li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/50">Physics Frontiers 50: Sterile Neutrinos</a></li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/35">Physics Frontiers 35: The String Theory Landscape Theorem</a></li> </ul>
3. The book I mention, Georgi's <a href = https://amzn.to/3UT4V5Y>Lie Algebras in Particle Physics</a> [Amazon].
4. If you'd like to know more about Joe Davighi, I have some additional questions <i>not</i> about flavor unification on <a href = https://youtu.be/mVlBZ4iAWKkU4>YouTube</a>.
5. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/09/quantum-resource-theories-with-gilad.html> ← Previous ( Resource Theories ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/12/path-integrals-and-entanglement-with.html>( Path Intgrals )</a> Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-80780778389634743872022-09-25T19:33:00.003-07:002022-09-25T19:40:05.138-07:00Quantum Resource Theories with Gilad Gour<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href =https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/08/optical-gravity-with-matthew-r-edwards.html> ← Previous ( Optical Gravity ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Flavor Problem ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10386308?style=normal&width=504&height=208" width="504" height="208" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2022/08/04
Released: 2022/09/25
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks to Gilad Gour about Qunatum Resource Theories and partially ordered dynamics.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The article that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Gour, G. "<a href = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030402622004284?via%3Dihub>On the Role of Quantum Coherence in Thermodynamics</a>" (2022) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.13612>arXiv</a>] </li>
<li> Chitambar, E., and G. Gour, "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.025001>Quantum Resource Theories</a>." <i>Rev. Mod. Phys.</i> <b>91</b>, 025001 (2019). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.06107>arXiv</a>]
</ul>
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li> <a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/62>Physics Frontiers 62: Deformed Special Relativity.</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/57">Physics Frontiers 57: Quantum Effects in Gravity Waves</a></li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/53">Physics Frontiers 53: The Positive Energy Theorem</a></li> </ul>
3. If you'd like to know more about Gilad Gour, I have some additional questions <i>not</i> about quantum resource theories on <a href = https://youtu.be/ZAd4mu-4lU4>YouTube</a>. You can also visit his faculty bio at <a href = https://science.ucalgary.ca/mathematics-statistics/contacts/gilad-gour>The University of Calgary</a>. It says he's looking for graduate students.
4. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/08/optical-gravity-with-matthew-r-edwards.html> ← Previous ( Optical Gravity ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Flavor Problem ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-14604644854766449872022-08-14T06:09:00.003-07:002022-09-25T19:42:24.539-07:00Optical Gravity with Matthew R. Edwards<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/06/limit-of-general-relativity-with-james.html> ← Previous ( Limits of GR ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/09/quantum-resource-theories-with-gilad.html> Quantum Resource Theoires</a> ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10359886?style=normal&width=504&height=208" width="504" height="208" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2022/07/20
Released: 2022/08/14
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks to Matthew R. Edwards about optical gravity. Matthew's theory of gravity is a Le Sage model, one that envisions space-time as a dispersive medium made of graviton filaments.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The article that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Edwards, Matthew R., "<a href = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030402622004284?via%3Dihub>Optical Gravity in a Graviton Spacetime</a>" <i>Optik</i> <b>260</b>, 169059
(2022) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.02776>arXiv</a>] </li>
</ul>
2. Other articles mentioned in this program: <br />
<ul> <li> Mansuripur, M., "<a href = https://opg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-15-21-13502&id=142520>Radiation Pressure and the Linear Momentum of the Electromagnetic Field</a>." <i>Opt. Express</i> <b>12<b>, 5375 (2004) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.7734>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Mansuripur, M., "<a href = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030401810000131?via%3Dihub>, Resolution of the Abraham–Minkowski controversy</a>." <i>Opt. Comm.</i> <b>283<b>, 1997 (2010) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.0872>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Mansuripur, M., "<a href = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030401810000131?via%3Dihub>, Resolution of the Abraham–Minkowski controversy</a>." <i>Opt. Comm.</i> <b>283<b>, 1997 (2010) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.0872>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
3. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li> <a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/62>Physics Frontiers 62: Deformed Special Relativity.</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/57">Physics Frontiers 57: Quantum Effects in Gravity Waves</a></li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/53">Physics Frontiers 53: The Positive Energy Theorem</a></li> </ul>
4. Books mentioned on the program:
<ul>
<li> <i>Pushing Gravity</i>: New perspectives on Le Sage's theory of gravitation, Matthew R. Edwards (ed.), <a href = https://amzn.to/3QqIXFe>Amazon</a></li>
<li> <i>The Expanding Earth</i>: Some Consequences of Dirac's Gravitation Hypothesis, Pasqual Jordan. <a href = https://amzn.to/3w2gEoH>Amazon</a></li>
</ul>
5. If you'd like to know more about Matthew Edwards, I have some additional questions <i>not</i> about optical gravity on <a href = https://youtu.be/XikATNcjp1s>YouTube</a>. I ask him about his background, how he decides to research something, and his experiences in publishing.
6. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/06/limit-of-general-relativity-with-james.html> ← Previous ( Limits of GR ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/09/quantum-resource-theories-with-gilad.html> Quantum Resource Theoires</a> ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-22259980849789703142022-06-26T05:27:00.004-07:002022-06-26T09:18:19.283-07:00Limit of General Relativity with James Owen Weatherall<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/05/causality-time-and-experiment-paradox.html> ← Previous ( Causality and Time ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Unknown ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10325623?style=normal&autoplay=false" allowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" style="width: 504px; height: 208px;"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2022/05/19
Released: 2022/06/26
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks to James Owen Weatherall of the University of California, Irvine about the conditions in which general relativity is likely to break down and a new theory is likely to be required.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The article that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Weatherall, J.O., "Where Does General Relativity Break Down?" (2022) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.03869>arXiv</a>] </li>
</ul>
2. Other articles mentioned in this program: <br />
<ul> <li>Defermos, M. and Luk, J., “<a href = https://msp.org/paa/2019/1-2/p04.xhtml>The Interior of Dynamical Black Holes I: The C<sup>0</sup> Stability of the Kerr Cauchy Horizon.</a>” <i>Pure Appl. Analysis</i> <b>1</b>, 263 (2019). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.09137>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
3. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li> <a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/62>Physics Frontiers 62: Deformed Special Relativity.</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/57">Physics Frontiers 57: Quantum Effects in Gravity Waves</a></li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/53">Physics Frontiers 53: The Positive Energy Theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/45">Physics Frontiers 45: Loop Quantum Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/38>Physics Frontiers 38: Why Is Space-Time Four Dimensional?</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/27>Physics Frontiers 27: The Gravitational Equivalence Principles</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/17>Physics Frontiers 17: The Physics of Time Travel</a></li>
</ul>
4. An excerpt from this interview in which I talk with Jim about how philosophers of physics interact with physicists is on <a href = https://youtu.be/gbPDOm_QwRM>YouTube</a>.
5. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/05/causality-time-and-experiment-paradox.html> ← Previous ( Causality and Time ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Unknown ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-69653512095312281862022-05-22T07:37:00.004-07:002022-06-26T05:35:32.989-07:00Causality, Time and the Experiment Paradox<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/04/borns-rule.html> ← Previous ( Born's Rule ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/06/limit-of-general-relativity-with-james.html>GR's Breakdown</a> ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10301848?style=normal&autoplay=false" allowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" style="width: 504px; height: 208px;"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2022/03/21
Released: 2022/05/22
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim talks to Michal Eckstein of the Coperincus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on how two different ways to order events, that of chronology (this comes before that) and causality (this makes that happen) come together to define time. We then go on to discuss the Experiment Paradox, which pulls together a number of measurement paradoxes in physics.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. Michal Eckstein's articles we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul><li>Eckstein, M. and M. Heller, "Causality and Time Order -- Relativistic and Probabilistic Aspects." (2022) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.07302>arXiv</a>] </li>
<li>Eckstein, M. and P. Horodecki, “<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10699-020-09711-y>The Experiment Paradox in Physics</a>.” <i>Foundations of Science</i> <b>27</b>, 1 (2020).
[<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.04117>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Eckstein, M., P. Horodecki, R. Horodecki, and T. Miller, "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.101.042128>Operational Causality in Spacetime</a>" <i>Phys. Rev. A</i> <b>101</b> 042128 (2020). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.05002>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
2. Michal Eckstein's articles that we discussed in this program: <br />
<ul> <li>Ehlers, J., F.A.E. Pirani, A. Schild, “<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10714-012-1353-4>The Geometry of Free Fall and Light Propagation</a> [2012 Republication].” <i>General Relativity: Papers in Honour of J. L. Synge</i>, 63. (1972).</li>
<li> Linnemann, N. and J. Read, "Constructive Axiomatics in Spacetime Physics Part I: Walkthrough to the Ehlers-Pirani-Schild Axiomatisation" (2021). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.14063>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Minguzzi, E. and M. Sanchez, "The Causal Heirarchy of Space Times." <I>Recent Developments in Pseudo-Riemannian Geometry</i>, 299 (2008). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0609119>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
3. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li> <a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/62>Physics Frontiers 62: Deformed Special Relativity.</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/46">Physics Frontiers 46: Wigner's Friend</a></li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/45">Physics Frontiers 45: Loop Quantum Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/44">Physics Frontiers 44: Spooky Action at a Distance</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/38>Physics Frontiers 38: Why Is Space-Time Four Dimensional?</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/33>Physics Frontiers 33: Retrocausality</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/30>Physics Frontiers 30: The Consistent Hisotories Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/27>Physics Frontiers 27: The Gravitational Equivalence Principles</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/17>Physics Frontiers 17: The Physics of Time Travel</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/12>Physics Frontiers 12: A Gravitational Arrow of Time</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/9>Physics Frontiers 9: f(R) Theories of Gravity</a></li>
</ul>
4. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a>, or <a href = https://twitter.com/_PhysicsFM_>Twitter account</a>. These are also places to look for announcements of new episodes and the like. And if you could help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/04/borns-rule.html> ← Previous ( Born's Rule ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/06/limit-of-general-relativity-with-james.html>GR's Breakdown</a> ) Next → </text><br /><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-4703886449904289452022-04-24T13:58:00.008-07:002022-04-28T11:20:48.559-07:00Born's Rule<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/03/gleasons-theorem.html> ← Previous ( Gleason's Theorem ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Causality and Time ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10281331?style=normal&autoplay=false" allowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" style="width: 504px; height: 208px;"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2022/01/18
Released: 2022/04/24
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim discusses Gleason's Theorem with Blake C. Stacey of the University of Massachuesetts - Boston. Gleason's Theorem is a theorem in the foundations of quantum mechanics that, for a system meets some simple requirements, you can find a set of valid staes and a rule for calculating probailities, a la the Born Rule. This is the first part of the interview, the next will be on Blake's discussion of how people are trying to reformulate the Born Rule.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. Papers we both read for this program: <br />
<ul><li> Stacey, B., "On Two Recent Approaches to the Born Rule." (2021) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.09910>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> L. Masanes, T. D. Galley and M. P. Müller, “<a href = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09348-x>The Measurement Postulates of Quantum
Mechanics Are Operationally Redundant</a>.” <i>Nature Communications</i> <b>10</b>, 1361 (2019).
[<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.11060>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Hossenfelder, S., "<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:FOOP.0000019581.00318.a5>Gleason-Type Derivations of the Quantum Probability Rule for Generalized Measurements</a>" <i>Found. Phys.</i> <b>34</b> 193 (2004). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0306179>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
2. This series:
<ul><li> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/03/gleasons-theorem.html>Physics Frontiers 63: Gleason's Theorem.</a> </li>
<li> Physics Frontiers 64: Whence Born's Rule? </li>
<li> <a href = https://www.patreon.com/posts/extra-sics-part-65546558>Physics Frontiers 64a: The SICs</a> [Subscribers only until 5/27/2022]</li>
3. Blake Stacey's Book:
<dd> Blake Stacey has written a book <a href = https://amzn.to/3rORfg0><i>A First Course in the Sporatic SICs</i></a> [Amazon]. This book details the use of the strange numbers that Blake and others are using to integrate learning from quantum information theory into quantum foundations. C'mon, it has a section entitled "Quantum Theory from Nonclassical Probability Meshing" -- you have to have it!</dd>
4. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/46">Physics Frontiers 46: Wigner's Friend</a></li>
<li><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/44">Physics Frontiers 44: Spooky Action at a Distance</a></li>
<li><a href = http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/13>Physics Frontiers 13: Exotic Photon Trajectories in Quantum Mechanics</a></li>
</ul>
5. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a> and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"> <a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/03/gleasons-theorem.html> ← Previous ( Gleason's Theorem ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Causality and Time ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-11117637545284183612022-03-20T05:58:00.009-07:002022-04-28T11:17:58.772-07:00Gleason's Theorem<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/02/deformed-special-relativity.html"> ← Previous ( Deformed Relativity ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/04/borns-rule.html>( Born's Rule ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/podcast/5495687?style=normal&autoplay=false" allowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" style="width: 504px; height: 208px;"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2022/01/18
Released: 2022/03/20
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim discusses Gleason's Theorem with Blake C. Stacey of the University of Massachuesetts - Boston. Gleason's Theorem is a theorem in the foundations of quantum mechanics that, for a system meets some simple requirements, you can find a set of valid staes and a rule for calculating probailities, a la the Born Rule. This is the first part of the interview, the next will be on Blake's discussion of how people are trying to reformulate the Born Rule.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. Papers we both read for this program: <br />
<ul><li> Gleason, A.M., "<a href = https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-010-1795-4_7#citeas>Measures on the Closed Subspaces of a Hilbert Space</a>." <i>Indiana Univ. Math. J.</i> <b>6</b>, 855 (1957). [<a href = https://mathweb.ucsd.edu/~nwallach/gleasonq.pdf>arXiv</a>]
<li> Stacey, B., "On Two Recent Approaches to the Born Rule." (2021) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.09910>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Busch, P., "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.120403>Quantum States and Generalized Observables: A Simple Proof of Gleason’s Theorem</a>." <i>Phys. Rev. Lett.</i> <b>91</b>, 120403 (2003) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9909073>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Hossenfelder, S., "<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:FOOP.0000019581.00318.a5>Gleason-Type Derivations of the Quantum Probability Rule for Generalized Measurements</a>" <i>Found. Phys.</i> <b>34</b> 193 (2004). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0306179>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
2. Other papers one or the other of us read:
<ul><li> Cabello, A. "<a href = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/what-is-quantum-information/interpretations-of-quantum-theory-a-map-of-madness/858881A4A1649CA12CE6F3B0D0092904>Interpretations of Quantum Theory: A Map of Madness." <a href = https://amzn.to/3toCdyN?>What is Quantum Information?</a>, 38 (2017). [<a https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.04711https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.6191v1>arXiv</a>] </li>
</ul>
3. Books mentioned in the discussion:<br><ul>
<li> David W. Cohen, <a href = https://amzn.to/3toCdyN>An Introduction to Hilbert Space and Quantum Mechanics</a>[Amazon] The book I found in a college book store in the 1990's. Short, written for mathemtics undergraduate students (at the upper division, high-end SLAC level), but also accessible to philosophy and physics students who can read math. <a href = https://youtu.be/M8zcoMX0cwI>Video review here.</a></li>
<li> John von Neumann, <a href = https://amzn.to/3toCdyN>Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics</a>[Amazon] A classic text that started a lot of this quantum philosophy nonsense in the first place. Very difficult read.</li>
<li>Michaal Neilson and Isaac Chuang, <a href = https://amzn.to/3wnxy24>Quantum Computation and Quantum Information</a>.[Amazon] An early, well known book on quantum information. This is one of three technical books that I've had to replace because my original copy wandered off with a graduate student to postdocs unknown.</li>
<li>John Bell, <a href = https://www.amazon.com/Speakable-Unspeakable-Quantum-Mechanics-Philosophy/dp/0521523389/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=speakable+and+unspeakable+in+quantum+mechanics&qid=1647746916&sprefix=speakable+and+U%2Caps%2C116&sr=8-1>Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics.</a> [Amazon]</li> This is a collection of essays by John Bell, some of which are very important, and others of which you might not think are important until you start reading the philosophy of physics literature. Blake mentioned two papers that I think are in this volume. One is "On the Einstein-Poldosky-Rosen Paradox," which was originally published in the small jounal below.
</ul><br>
4. <a href = https://journals.aps.org/ppf/>Physics-Physique-Fisika</a>, the journal Blake Stacey mentioned in our discussion.<br><br>
5. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="https://frontier.physicsfm.com/46">Physics Frontiers 46: Wigner's Friend</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontier.physicsfm.com/45">Physics Frontiers 44: Spooky Action at a Distance</a></li>
</ul>
6. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a> and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/02/deformed-special-relativity.html"> ← Previous ( Deformed Relativity ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/04/borns-rule.html>( Born's Rule ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-82570915778027555572022-02-13T07:49:00.005-08:002022-03-21T08:13:05.566-07:00Deformed Special Relativity<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="http://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/10/dark-stars.html"> ← Previous ( Dark Stars ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/03/gleasons-theorem.html>( Gleason's Theorem ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10229561?style=normal&autoplay=false" allowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" style="width: 504px; height: 208px;"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2021/08/08
Released: 2022/02/13
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Randy and Jim discuss first order corrections to special relativity in light of quantum gravity: deformed special relativity. What should happen to space time if a minimum length scale is introduced to special relativity?
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. Papers we both read for this program: <br />
<ul><li> Amelino-Camelia, G., L. Friedel, J. Kowalski-Gikman, and L. Smolin, "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.84.084010>The Principle of Relative Locality</a>." <i>Phys Rev. D</i> <b>84</b>, 084010 (2011). [<a href = https://arxiv.org//abs/1101.0931v1>arXiv</a>]
<li> Hossenfelder, S., "The Box Problem in Deformed Special Relativity." (2009) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/0912.0090>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Smolin, L., "<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10714-011-1235-1>Classical Paradoxes of Locality and Their Resolution in Deformed Special Relativity</a>." <i>Gen Relativ Gravit</i>, 3671 (2011) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.0664>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Hossenfelder, S., "Comments on Nonlocality in Deformed Special Relativity" <i>Phys Rev D</i> <b>95></b> 084034 (2010). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.0535>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
2. Other papers one or the other of us read:
<ul><li> Hossenfelder, S. "<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrr-2013-2>Minimal Length Scale Scenarios for Quantum Gravity.</a>" <i>Living Reviews in Relativity</i> <b>16</b>, 2 (2013) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.6191v1>arXiv</a>] </li>
<li> R. Schtzhold, W. G. Unruh, "Large-Scale Non-Locality in ”Doubly Special Relativity” with an Energy-Dependent Speed of Light." <i>JETP Lett.</i> <b>78</b>, 431 (2003). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0308049>arXiv</a>]
</ul>
3. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/57">Physics Frontiers 57: Quantum Effects in Gravitational Waves</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/45">Physics Frontiers 45: Loop Quantum Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/42">Physics Frontiers 42: Entropic Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/38">Physics Frontiers 38: Why is Space-Time Four Dimensional?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/30">Physics Frontiers 30:The Consistent Histories Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a></li>
</ul>
4. <a href = https://www.nola.com/news/article_a1cf07d2-7a38-11ec-a63e-0702ce0c1ba4.html> Randy's obituary</a> and <a href = https://www.patreon.com/posts/61291419>my Patreon post on his death.</a>
5. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a> and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="http://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/10/dark-stars.html"> ← Previous ( Dark Stars ) </a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">< a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/03/gleasons-theorem.html>( Gleason's Theorem ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-29239300979768939782021-10-31T06:36:00.003-07:002022-02-13T19:41:02.937-08:00Dark Stars<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/09/warp-bubbles.html"> ← Previous ( Warp Bubbles )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2022/02/deformed-special-relativity.html?showComment=1644783763152>( Deformed Relativity ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10154205?style=small&autoplay=false" allowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" style="width: 504px; height: 208px;"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2021/06/10
Released: 2021/10/31
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Randy and Jim discuss various proposals for objects that mimic black holes. Most of these are based on physics that disallows an infinitely dense point at the center of the black hole, such as string theory or loop quantum gravity, and some include very exotic matter.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. Papers we both read for this program: <br />
<ul><li> Nikitin, I., "<a href = http://bsm.fmf.uni-lj.si/bled2020bsm/talks/BledVol21No1Proceedings-proc20Vol1.pdf>On Dark Stars, Planck Cores, and the Nature of Dark Matter </a>." <i>BLED Proc. 23rd Wkshp.</i> <b>1</b>, 221 (2021) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.07769>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Visser, M., C. Barcelo, S. Liberati, and S. Sonego, "ISmall, Dark and Heavy: But Is It a Black Hole?." <i>PoS BHs, GRandStrings 2008</i>, 105009 (2008) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/0902.0346>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Holdom, B. and J. Ren, "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.084034>Not Quite a Black Hole.</a>" <i>Phys Rev D</i> <b>95></b> 084034 (2017). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.04889>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
2. Other papers one or the other of us read:
<ul><li> Nikitin, I. "RDM-Stars and Galactic Rotation Curves." <i>2021 J. Phys. Conf. Series</i> (2021) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.09972>arXiv</a>] </li>
</ul>
3. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/57">Physics Frontiers 57: Quantum Effects in Gravitational Waves</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/51">Physics Frontiers 51: Gracitational Wave Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/45">Physics Frontiers 45: Loop Quantum Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/25">Physics Frontiers 25: Gravitational Field Propulsion</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/7">Physics Frontiers 7: Virtual Gravitational Dipoles</a></li></ul>
4. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a> and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/09/warp-bubbbles.html"> ← Previous ( Hubble Crisis )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Deformed Relativity ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-6826471483183259582021-09-12T06:15:00.003-07:002022-03-21T08:13:18.486-07:00Warp Bubbles<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-hubble-crisis.html"> ← Previous ( Hubble Crisis )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Dark Stars ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10117313?style=normal&autoplay=false" allowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" style="width: 504px; height: 208px;"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2021/03/25
Released: 2021/09/12
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Randy tells Jim about solutions in general relativity that allow for isolated bubbles of spacetime that could, possibly, travel faster than light.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. Papers we both read for this program: <br />
<ul><li> Lobo, F.S.N. and M. Visser, "<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0406083>Fundamental Limitations on "Warp Drive" Spacetimes</a>." <i>Clas. Quant. Grav.</i> 5871 <b>21</b>, (2004) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0406083>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Bobrick, A. and G. Maitre, "Introducing Physical Warp Drives." <i>Clas. Quant. Grav.</i> <b>38</b>, 105009 (2021) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.01016>arXiv</a>]</li></ul>
2. Other papers one or the other of us read:
<ul><li> Lentz, E. "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6382/abe692> Breaking the Warp Barrier: Hyper-Fast Solitons in Einstein-Maxwell-Plasma Theory </a>." <i>Clas. Quant. Grav.</i> <b>38</b> 075015 (2021) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07125>arXiv</a>] </ii>
<li> Carmona, A., J.C. Ruiz, and, M. Neubert "<a href = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-021-08851-0>A Warped Scalar Portal to Fermionic Dark Matter</a>." <i>Eur. Phys. J. C</i> <b>81</b>, 58 (2021) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.09492>arXiv</a>] </li></ul>
3. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/47">Physics Frontiers 47: Bumetric Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/39">Physics Frontiers 39: Negative Effective Mass</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/31">Physics Frontiers 31: The Parameterized Post-Newtonian Framework</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/25">Physics Frontiers 25: Gravitational Field Propulsion</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/7">Physics Frontiers 7: Virtual Gravitational Dipoles</a></li></ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/6">Physics Frontiers 6: General Relativity for the Experimentalist</a></li></ul>
4. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a> and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-hubble-crisis.html"> ← Previous ( Hubble Crisis )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Dark Stars ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-5362466905983997832021-07-05T11:20:00.004-07:002022-04-28T11:25:24.851-07:00The Hubble Crisis<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-higgs-portal.html"> ← Previous ( Phantom Matter )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/09/warp-bubbles.html>( Warp Bubbles ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src='https://podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10070684?autoplay=false' height='208' width='504'frameborder='0' marginheight='0' marginwidth='0' scrolling='no' allowfullscreen></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2021/01/07
Released: 2021/07/05
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Randy and Jim the differences between measurements in the Hubble constant and some proposals to resolve the issue.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The papers we read for this program: <br />
<ul><li> Addison, G.E>, D.J. Watts, C.L. Bennett, M. Halpern, and G. Hinshaw, "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa1ed>Elucidating ΛCDM: Impact of Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Measurements on the Hubble Constant Discrepancy</a>." <i>ApJ</i> <b>853</b>, 119 (2018) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.06547.pdf>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Agrawal, P., F.-Y. Cyr-Racine, D. Pinner, L. Randall "Rock'n'Roll Solutions to the Hubble Tension." (2019) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.01016>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> ..., "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/abdcb7>A Gravitational-wave Measurement of the Hubble Constant Following the Second Observing Run of Advanced LIGO and Virgo </a>." <i>ApJ</i> <b>909<b>, 208 (2021). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.06060>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Carnegie Supernova Project, "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aae51c> The Carnegie Supernova Project: Absolute Calibration and the Hubble Constant </a> ." <i>ApJ</i> <b>869</b> 56 (2018) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.06381>arXiv</a>] </ii>
<li> Yang, T. S. Birrer, and B. Hu, "<a href = https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article-abstract/497/1/L56/5859500>The first simultaneous measurement of Hubble constant and post-Newtonian parameter from time-delay strong lensing</a>." <i>Mon. Notices Royal Astron. Soc.</i> <b>497</b>, L56 (2020) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03277>arXiv</a>] </li></ul>
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/56">Physics Frontiers 56: Multiversality</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/35">Physics Frontiers 35: The String Theory Landscape</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/31">Physics Frontiers 31: The Parameterized Post-Newtonian Framework</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/9">Physics Frontiers 9: f(R) Theories of Gravity</a></li></ul>
3. Wendy Freedman recently published <a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.15656>this article</a> about the same topic, which some people say resolves the tension (It came out in the arXiv in June, we recorded in January, so it wasn't included). After going through it this weekend (7/17-18), I don't think it makes as strong a conclusion as the press made out, but it is worth reading, even at 48 pages.
4. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a> and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-higgs-portal.html"> ← Previous ( Phantom Matter )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/09/warp-bubbles.html>( Warp Bubbles ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-45636920608036134662021-06-06T05:07:00.007-07:002022-04-28T11:21:55.879-07:00Phantom Matter<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/05/quantum-effects-in-gravitational-waves.html"> ← Previous ( Quantum Effects in Gravity Waves )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-hubble-crisis.html>( The Hubble Crisis ) Next → </a></text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10049622?style=normal&autoplay=false" allowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" style="width: 504px; height: 208px;"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2020/11/09
Released: 2021/06/06
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Randy and Jim discuss a set of potential theories that could constitute dark matter that connect to normal matter through the Higgs particle.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The papers we read for this program: <br />
<ul>
<li> Patt, B. and F. Wilczek, "Higgs-field Portal into Hidden Sectors." (2006). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/06051883>arXiv</a></li>
<li> Kanemura, S., S. Matsumoto, and N. Okada, "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.82.055026>Can WIMP Dark Matter Overcome the Nightmare Scenario</a>?" <i> Phys. Rev. D</i> <b>82</b>, 055026 (2020) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.5651>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Lopez-Honorez, L., T. Schwetz, and J. Zupan "<a href = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269312007575?via%3Dihub>Higgs portal, fermionic dark matter, and a Standard Model like Higgs at 125 GeV</a>." <i> Phys. Lett. B</i> <b>716</b>, 179 (2012) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.2064>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li>CMS COllaboration "<a href = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269319302576?via%3Dihub>Search for charged Higgs bosons produced in vector boson fusion processes and decaying into vector boson pairs in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV</a>." <i> Phys. Lett. B</i> <b>793</b>, 520 (2020) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.14009>arXiv</a>]</li></ul>
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br /><ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/52">Physics Frontiers 52: Sterile Neutrinos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/42">Physics Frontiers 42: Entropic Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/9">Physics Frontiers 9: f(R) Theories of Gravity</a></li></ul>
3. Jim recently appeared on Anthony Jeannot's <a href = https://www.highbrowdrivel.com/quantum-physics-and-the-multiverse-w-dr-jim-rantschler-eve-ellenbogen/>Highbrow Drivel</a> podcast, displaying his innate ability to talk out of his ass for 60 minutes. Check it out.
3. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, <a href =https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuNchecbn2vOzbtbQG1uYg>YouTube Channel</a> and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/05/quantum-effects-in-gravitational-waves.html"> ← Previous ( Quantum Effects in Gravity Waves )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-hubble-crisis.html>( The Hubble Crisis ) Next → </a></text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-7739332851575334392021-05-02T05:51:00.003-07:002022-04-28T11:32:57.539-07:00Quantum Effects in Gravitational Waves<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="http://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-anomalous-magnetic-moment-of-muon.html"> ← Previous ( g - 2 )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-higgs-portal.html>( Phantom Matter ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src='https://podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/10023317?autoplay=false' height='208' width='504'frameborder='0' marginheight='0' marginwidth='0' scrolling='no' allowfullscreen></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2020/10/01
Released: 2021/05/02
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim and Randy discuss two proposals for experiments that would be sensitive to a quantum particle of gravity. Unlike electromagnetism where the quanitzation of matter requires a photon field, the quantization of matter does not require quantized gravitons.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The papers we read for this program: <br />
<ul>
<li> Guerreireo, T. "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6382/ab9d5d>Quantum Effects oin Gravity Waves</a>." <i>Class. Quantum Grav.</i> <b>37</b>, 155001 (2020). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11593>arXiv</a></li>
<li> Parikh, M., F. Wilczek, and G. Zahariade, "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.73.023505>The Noise of Gravitons</a>." <i> Int. J. Mod. Phys. D</i> <b>29</b>, 2042001 (2020) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07211>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
2. Other papers mention in this podcast:
<ul>
<li> Dyson, F. "<a href = https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217751X1330041X>Is a Graviton Detectable?</a>." <i>Int. J. Mod. Phys. A</i> <b>28</b>, 1330041 (2013). [<a href = http://publications.ias.edu/sites/default/files/poincare2012.pdf>pdf</a></li>
<li> Feynman, R., "The Quantum Theory of Gravitation." <i> Acta Phys.Polon. 24 (1963) 697-722</i> <b>24</b>, 697 (1963).</li>
</ul>
3. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/51">Physics Frontiers 51: Gravitational Wave Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/48">Physics Frontiers 48: Graviton-Photon Oscillations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/45">Physics Frontiers 45: Loop Quantum Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/43">Physics Frontiers 43: Positive Energy Theorem</a></li>
</ul>
4. Randy mentioned our first podcast, <a href = http://paradoxes.physicsfm.com>Physics FM</a> where we were discussing Aharonov and Rohrlich's <i>Quantum Paradoxes</i>.<br>
5. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="http://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-anomalous-magnetic-moment-of-muon.html"> ← Previous ( g - 2 )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-higgs-portal.html>( Phantom Matter ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<br>
Transcript (Rough Draft)<br>
-----------------------------------------------------------<br><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-21544678889198142932021-04-01T13:39:00.007-07:002022-03-21T08:14:11.175-07:00The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/12/multiversality.html"> ← Previous ( Multiversality )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/05/quantum-effects-in-gravitational-waves.html> ( Quantum Gravity Waves ) Next → </a></text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src="https://www.podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/9999654?style=normal&autoplay=false" style="width: 504px; height: 208px;" allowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen"></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2020/07/23
Released: 2021/04/01
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim and Randy discuss measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, as well as what the discrepency between theory and experiment might mean as far as new physics.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The papers we read for this program: <br />
<ul>
<li> Queiroz, F.S. and W. Shepherd "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.89.095024>New Physics Contributions to the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment: A Numerical Code</a>." <i>Phys. Rev. D</i> <b>89</b>, 095024 (2014). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2309>arXiv</a></li>
<li> Davoudiasi, H. and W.J. Marciano, "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.075011>A Tale of Two Anomalies</a>." <i>Phys. Rev. D</i> <b>98</b>, 075011 (2018). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.10252>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Blum, T., P.A. Boyle, T. Izubuchi, L. Jin, C. Jung, A. Juttner, C. Lehner, A. Portelli, and J.T. Tsang, "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.73.023505>Calculation of the Hadronic Vacuum Polarization Contribution to the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment</a>." <i> Phys. Rev. Lett.</i> <b>121</b>, 022003 (2018) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.07224v1>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Fienberg, A.T., "The Status and Prospects of the Muon g − 2 Experiment at Fermilab." Contribution to the 2019 QCD session of the 54th Rencontres de Moriond (2019) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.07224v1>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul>
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/54">Physics Frontiers 54: The ANITA Experiment</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/52">Physics Frontiers 52: Sterile Neutrinos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/50">Physics Frontiers 50: X17</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/30">Physics Frontiers 30: Consistent Histories Interpretation of Qunatum Mechanics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/2">Physics Frontiers 14: Stochastic Electrodynamics</a></li>
</ul>
3. Fermilab's <a href = https://youtu.be/6RQ6ugMWZ0chttps://muon-g-2.fnal.gov/#:~:text=Muon%20g-2%20%28pronounced%20gee%20minus%20two%29%20uses%20Fermilab%27s,even%20in%20a%20vacuum%2C%20space%20is%20never%20empty.>Muon g-2 Experiment</a>.<br>
4. The <a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2309>Mathematica Notebook</a> mentioned in the first article. You can use this to explore different kinds of beyond the standartd model particles in the way the authors did.<br>
5 Jim mentioned Melvin Schwartz's <i>Principles of Electrodynamics</i> [<a href =https://amzn.to/2Pzr0dB>Amazon</a>], an old textbook that goes into the details of the measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment. Because this is at least the second time I've used it extensively for the podcast, I have made a video, available <a href = https://youtu.be/leNOBDXyyDY>here</a> describing the book. Fortunately, my phone only had space for a 14 minute video, so I had to shut up about it.<br>
6. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful.
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/12/multiversality.html"> ← Previous ( Multiversality )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/05/quantum-effects-in-gravitational-waves.html> ( Quantum Gravity Waves ) Next → </a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />
<br>
Transcript (Rough Draft)<br>
-----------------------------------------------------------<br><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-65938588904692476512020-12-06T18:11:00.006-08:002022-04-28T12:13:09.844-07:00Multiversality<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-anita-experiment.html"> ← Previous ( ANITA )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-anomalous-magnetic-moment-of-muon.html>( g - 2 ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src='https://podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/9907998?autoplay=false' height='208' width='504'frameborder='0' marginheight='0' marginwidth='0' scrolling='no' allowfullscreen></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2020/06/25
Released: 2020/12/06
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim and Randy discuss rationales for the existence of a multiverse, guided by quantum mechanics, string theory, and the anthropic principle.
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The papers we read for this program: <br />
<ul>
<li> Hogan, C. "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.72.1149>Why the Universe is Just So.</a>" <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i> <b>72</b>, ? (2000). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9909295>arXiv</a></li>
<li> Wilczek, F., "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0264-9381/30/19/193001>Multiversality/</a>" <i>Class. Quantum Gravity</i> <b>30 </b>, (2013). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.7376>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Tegmark, M., A. Aguirre, M.J. Rees, and F. Wilczek, "<a href = https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.73.023505>Dimensionless Constants, Cosmoloty, and Other Dark Matters.</a>" <i> Phys. Rev. D</i> <b>73</b>, 023505 (2006) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0511774v3>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul> <br />
<br /><br />
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/35">Physics Frontiers 35: The String Theory Landscape</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/30">Physics Frontiers 30: The Consistent Histories Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/29">Physics Frontiers 29: Gravitational Alternatives to Dark Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/23">Physics Frontiers 23: Dark Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/2">Physics Frontiers 2: The de Brogilie-Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a></li>
</ul>
3. Randy mentioned Sabine Hossenfelder's video on <a href = https://youtu.be/6RQ6ugMWZ0c>String Theory</a>.<br>
4. Jim mentioned Ian Hacking's <i>The Emergence of Probabilty</i> [<a href = https://amzn.to/2R3svBc>Amazon</a>]. This is a very intersting book that discusses the development of probability, with many interesting factoids along the way. In fact, it was in reading this book that I got the idea for the quantum dice. <br>
5. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful. <br />
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-anita-experiment.html"> ← Previous ( ANITA )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-anomalous-magnetic-moment-of-muon.html>( g - 2 ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-41357776438250052582020-10-18T12:35:00.005-07:002022-04-28T12:10:49.264-07:00The ANITA Experiment<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/53"> ← Previous ( Electromagntically-Repulsive Gravity )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/12/multiversality.html>( Multiversality ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src='https://podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/9866968?autoplay=false' height='208' width='504'frameborder='0' marginheight='0' marginwidth='0' scrolling='no' allowfullscreen></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2020/06/04
Released: 2020/10/18
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Randy tells Jim about charged black holes, which exhibit an interesting <i>reduction</i> in their gravitational attraction. They discuss the Reissner-Nordstrom metric and an alternative theory. </span>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The papers we read for this program: <br />
<ul>
<li> Anchordoqui, L.A., V. Barger, J.G. LEaned, D. Marfatia, and T.J> Weiler "<a href = http://journals.andromedapublisher.com/index.php/LHEP/article/view/67>Upgoing ANITA Events as Evidence of the CPT Symmetric Universe</a>" <i>Letters in High Energy Physics</i> <b>1</b>, ? (2018). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.11554>arXiv</a></li>
<li> Gorham, P.W., et al., "Characteristics of Four Upward-Pointing Cosmic-Ray-Like Events Observed with ANITA." <i>Phys. Rev.< Lett.</i> <b>071101 </b>, (2016). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.05218>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> ICECUBE COLLABORATION (over 250 "authors"), "A Search for ICECUDE Direction of ANITA Neutrino Candidates." <i>ApJ</i> <b>892</b>, 53 (2020). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.01737>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Safa, I., A. Pizzuto, F. Halzen, R. Hussain, A. Kheirandish, and J. Vandenboucke, "<a href = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/01/012/pdf>Observing EeV Neutrinos through Earth: GZK and teh Anomalous ANITA events</a>." <i>Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics</i> <b>2020</b>, ? (2020). [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10487>arXiv</a>] </li>
<li> Romero-Wolf, A., et al., "A Comprehensive Analysis of Anomalous ANITA Evens Disfavors Diffuse Tau-Neutrino Flux Origin." <i> Phys. Rev. D</i> <b>99</b>, 063011 (2019) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.07261>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul> <br />
<br /><br />
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/">Physics Frontiers 56: The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon</a> (To Be Published, ca. 12/20 - 2/21)</li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/52">Physics Frontiers 52: Sterile Neutrinos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/50">Physics Frontiers 50: x17</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/41">Physics Frontiers 41: The Chameleon Field</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/40">Physics Frontiers 40: The Octonions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/23">Physics Frontiers 23: Dark Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/23">Physics Frontiers 22: Weyl Quasiparticles</a></li>
</ul>
<br /><br />
3. "<a href = http://neutrinohistory2018.in2p3.fr/proceedings/learned.pdf>"The Saga of Atomspheric Neutrinos</a>" by J.G. Learned at teh University of Hawaii. A perspective on the history of neutrino physics that Randy sent me and I mentioned in the podcast.<br><br>
4. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful. <br />
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/53"> ← Previous ( Electromagntically-Repulsive Gravity )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/12/multiversality.html>( Multiversality ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-9218693566101270442020-08-16T18:04:00.006-07:002022-04-28T12:14:38.144-07:00Electromagnetic Gravitational Repulsion<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/52"> ← Previous ( Sterile Neutrinos )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-anita-experiment.html>( ANITA ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src='https://podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/9817879?autoplay=false' height='208' width='504'frameborder='0' marginheight='0' marginwidth='0' scrolling='no' allowfullscreen></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2020/05/21
Released: 2020/08/16
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Randy tells Jim about charged black holes, which exhibit an interesting <i>reduction</i> in their gravitational attraction. They discuss the Reissner-Nordstrom metric and an alternative theory. </span>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The papers we read for this program: <br />
<ul>
<li> Lo, CK "Comments on 'Unification of Gravity and Electromagnetism by Mohammed A. El-Lakany' and Einstein's Unification" <i> Journal of Physical Science and Application </i> <b>7</b>, 28 (2017). </li>
<li> Graves, J.C. and D.R. Brill, "Gravitational Bounce." <i>Phys. Rev.</i> <b>120</b>, 1507 (1960).</li>
<li> Carter, B., "Complete Analytic Extension of the Symmetry Axis of Kerr's Solution of Einstein's Equations." <i>Phys. Rev.</i> <b>141</b>, 1242 (1966). The next reference is so short, familiarity with this one is important.</li>
<li> Carter, B., "The Complete Analytic Extension of the Reissner-Nordstrom Metric in the Special Case e<sup>2</sup> = m<sup>2</sup>." <i>Phys. Lett.</i> <b>21</b>, 423 (1966). </li>
<li> de la Cruz, V. and W. Israel, "Gravitational Bounce." <i>Il Nuovo Cimento</i> <b>51</b>, 6444 (1967). </li>
</ul><br />
<br /><br />
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/38">Physics Frontiers 38: Why is Space-Time Four Dimensional?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/36">Physics Frontiers 36: The Electromagnetic Stress Tensor in Metamaterials.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/34">Physics Frontiers 34: CPT Symmetry and Gravitation.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/36">Physics Frontiers 18: The 2T Physics of Itzhak Bars.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/7">Physics Frontiers 7: Virtual Gravitational Dipoles.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/6">Physics Frontiers 6: General Relativity for the Experimentalist.</a></li>
</ul>
<br /><br />
3. <i>The Nature of Space and Time</i> [<a href = https://amzn.to/3ul7ikt>Amazon</a>], a debate between Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose about relativity and cosmology. A very accessible, and recommended, discussion. As I mentioned to Randy, it's a good place to get acquainted with Penrose diagrams.<br><br>
4. <i>Gravitation</i> [<a href = https://amzn.to/3upow0d>Amazon</a>} by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler. Contains all the information about gravity that you always wanted to know.
<br><br>
5. David Waite's general relativity <a href = http://modernrelativitysite.com>on-line textbook</a> and <a href = https://www.youtube.com/user/WaiteDavidMSPhysics>YouTube Channel</a>.
<br><br>
6. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful. <br />
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://frontiers.physicsfm.com/52"> ← Previous ( Sterile Neutrinos )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right"><a href = https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-anita-experiment.html>( ANITA ) Next →</a> </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">(Content provided by Physics Frontiers and PhysicsFM))</div>PhysicsFMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13134018651176248475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7857851997611782857.post-83337015133856743062020-07-07T19:01:00.002-07:002020-07-08T09:29:58.248-07:00Sterile Neutrinos<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/06/gravitational-wave-astronomy.html"> ← Previous ( Gravity Waves )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Repulsive Black Holes ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<iframe src='https://podomatic.com/embed/html5/episode/9786754?autoplay=false' height='208' width='504'frameborder='0' marginheight='0' marginwidth='0' scrolling='no' allowfullscreen></iframe><br /><br />
Recorded: 2020/04/24
Released: 2020/07/07
<br /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue","helveticaneue","helvetica","arial",sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-line; word-spacing: 0px;">Jim and Randy explore dark matter proposals based on sterile neutrios. Even more difficult to detect than the three active neutrinos of the standard model </span>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
Notes:<br />
<br />
1. The papers we read for this program: <br />
<ul>
<li> Kopp, J., M. Maltoni, T. Schwetz, "<a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.091801">Are there sterile neutrinos at the eV scale?</a>." <i> Phys. Rev. Lett. </i> <b>107</b>, 091801 (2011). [<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.4570">arXiv</a>]</li>
<li> Naumov, D.V., "<a href = https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0279>Sterile Neutrino: A Short Introduction</a>." <i>EPJ Web Conf.</I> <b>207</b>, 04004 (2018).[<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.00151>arXiv</a>]</li>
<li>Kang, S.K, "<a href = https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217751X19300059>Roles of sterile neutrinos in particle physics and cosmology</a>." <i>Int. J. Mod. Phys. A </i> <b>34</b>, 1930005 (2019) [<a href = https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.07108>arXiv</a>]</li>
</ul><br />
<br /><br />
2. Related Episodes of Physics Frontiers:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/05/x17.html">Physics Frontiers 50: X17.</a></li>
<li><a href = "https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2019/02/the-chameleon-field.html">Physics Frontiers 41:The Chameleon Field.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2018/09/the-string-theory-landscape.html">Physics Frontiers 35: The String Theory Landscape.</a></li>
</ul>
<br /><br />
3. Please visit and comment on our <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/physicsFM/">subreddit</a>, and if you can help us keep this going by contributing to our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/PhysicsFrontiers">Patreon</a>, we'd be grateful. <br />
<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="https://physicsfm-frontiers.blogspot.com/2020/06/gravitational-wave-astronomy.html"> ← Previous ( Gravity Waves )</a></td><td align="right"> <text align="right">( Repulsive Black Holes ) Next → </text><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<br>
Transcript (Rough Draft)<br>
-----------------------------------------------------------<br>
07:26:11 Oh, and welcome to physics frontiers Episode Number 52 sterile neutrinos Show Notes for this episode can be found at frontiers dot physics@n.com slash 52 shows include the papers that we discussed in this program as well as links to related physics frontiers
07:26:30 episodes. And now Jim and Randy.
07:26:33 Okay. How's it going, Randy what's going on. Jim, it's good to hear from you too. Today we're going to talk about sterile neutrinos sterile neutrinos what is a sterile nutrient already.
07:26:43 Alright so, we all know that the neutrinos are incredibly weird because back in 98 they discovered that the neutrinos coming from the sun were oscillating, so they're changing from one form of neutrino to another form of neutrino to another form of neutrino
07:26:58 on their way to the earth, which is just bewildering.
07:27:02 So now, of particle physicists and cosmologists are looking at the idea that there may be another type of neutrino, that's different than this, the three that we know about the electron neutrino the tower, the new on neutrino in the town neutrino, then
07:27:17 there may be a kind of a neutrino which only interacts with other neutrinos through the week force, and with gravity, but not with anything else, or rather through mixing it's through mixing right yeah it's see it's through mixing it's not through the
07:27:35 week horse. So the whole point of the several neutrino is that it does not interact with the weak force. And that's why you can't see it, but it does have an impact on like the ratios that they're seeing in.
07:27:45 What is it short baseline neutrino detection experiments. Well yeah for the first paper I think he was talking about that a lot and they showed up in the other two but the whole idea was for these reactor experiments and these disappearance and appears
07:28:01 experiments, you have a short baseline that's a short distance between oscillations you remember what the distance was down.
07:28:08 I know that it was pretty short like on the meter scale, I think. Yeah, so it was on the meter scale not on the 20,000 kilometer scale like the regular oscillations.
07:28:18 And so they were looking at those things and they said we have to have these really massive neutrinos.
07:28:33 You don't have to have but one way to explain that is, is that you have these massive neutrinos that are sort of in the neutrino mix. yeah so they what they they honestly into that form on rare occasion, that's the idea so that's why they.
07:28:39 That's how they're explaining away like the five or 6% discrepancies are seeing in those experiments. Yeah, it has to be very rare, or that is because the oscillation frequencies related to the difference of the square of the mass, you know these normal
07:28:54 neutrinos are less than 170 million electron volts. If you add up the normal neutrinos their mass is less than 170. million electron volts.
07:29:06 And this other guy has to be somewhere around one electron but at least for the kinds of the talking about in the first two papers.
07:29:15 In the third paper they get really really massive, but I mean as a comparison and electron has a mass of about one half of the mega crumbles about 500 to electron volts.
07:29:28 So these guys are like 3 million times 30 million times something like that. That's massive.
07:29:35 And then, with all of the different constraints, the heaviness of the normal neutrinos and the active neutrinos he called active because it interacts with the weak force.
07:29:44 The heaviest of those could be 70 million electron rules.
07:29:48 That's the maximum NASA could have because that 170 million lead from volts is a maximum size or a maximum limit for the sum of the three it could get down to as low as about 59.5 million electron volts.
07:30:04 Wasn't that first paper the first article that they talk about a sterile neutrino with a massive like 1.7.
07:30:11 electron volts. It was like a range between like point six 1.7 electron volts, I think, Well yeah, they've got two different experiments. The appearance and disappearance experiments and those should have about 0.6 electron volts squared, and the reactor
07:30:25 experiments should have a mass difference between the smallest neutrino the lightest neutrino and the neutrino of 1.7 electron volts squared.
07:30:37 And me take the square roots for both of those things it gets closer to one electron bolt for the mass and that latest between know probably doesn't matter very much at all because the latest nutrients at maximum could be 50 million electron volts or
07:30:51 one 20th of an electron balls in this.
07:30:55 Okay. All I did was I took all the information that they gave me and I found the limits for each one of the neutrinos in the latest one has a range from zero to 50.
07:31:06 million electron volts, or actually a little bit lower around 49.5 million miles, and then you know the other ones have the other ranges as well. And those are all inferred right that based on the probability of them shifting from one form or the other,
07:31:20 right. Yeah, and I think they do that by looking at the Z, with the width of the energy line for the Z Bowser.
07:31:30 Yeah, because neutrinos interact with a Z bows on the W bows on, and they'll definitely also interact with leptons like the electron right neutrinos yeah yeah the regular old neutrinos show up in electron decays, and that's how the weak force was first
07:31:48 postulated, and the neutrino was first postulated was because there was a little bit of a problem with the energies, with the old reactor experiments with the old model chamber experiments.
07:31:59 They postulated that something was going on with neutral particle. Yeah, I'm going to skip the history Cohen Shut up.
07:32:06 Well, let me ask you this because this is this is a question that was didn't see answered in those papers because I, I should have done some deeper digging but is there a difference between the electron neutrino that the Mulan neutrino and the town neutrino,
07:32:21 other than their rest mass.
07:32:23 Like, do they have a difference in their properties or anything. Yeah, I mean they don't have charges. Yeah, and anything else so they're just neutrinos that show off with interactions involving like the new on in the towel on as well.
07:32:38 It's just a towel particle I don't know if the only difference between them is the rest mass.
07:32:43 Then, isn't it more like there's like one type of neutrino there that's changing its maths. Well that's what the oscillation say, yeah, that's what I'm saying is that though the oscillations suggest that the nutrient all three flavors and neutrinos are
07:32:57 just a neutrino in three different states, well I mean that might be one way to look at I don't think that's the way they think about it. My feeling is the oscillation is just weird because what happens with the isolation is, you have the three real nutrients,
07:33:10 which are new one new two to three.
07:33:21 And then you have the three neutrinos we actually see which are the electron neutrino them you know and the tower neutrino, the real ones are the ones that satisfy all the fun symmetries of, you know, the standard model and stuff like that and the ones
07:33:28 that we see are some linear combination of those things so it's a superposition of those three different things and that's sort of what all that mixing angle is about.
07:33:38 And that's where all that talk about coherence and incoherence came in right yeah in that paper. He was saying let's give the name of the paper and the author to because we usually do that so people can follow you know completely forgot to tell everybody
07:34:01 we read something, a bunch of stuff like a few articles in the popular press plus some papers that were published basically what's happening is, if the mass difference is much smaller than your uncertainty in the square of the mass, then plane ways are
07:34:10 okay you basically end up with a very long wavelength. And if you have that very long wavelength, you can just assume that it's a plane way, but it's the uncertainties on the same order of your mass difference, and it's about that one to do electron volts,
07:34:25 volts, squared areas where the uncertainties, no longer have this thing that looks like a plane way then you have to wait packets because couldn't because your neutrinos more localized, and then if you have something that's really really massive, and
07:34:40 that'll show up in the cosmology stuff and means your material is going to be very localized and you aren't going to see any oscillations. Another question that came up was looking at this was it seemed like they were suggesting that the oscillations
07:34:53 aren't just like a random statistical thing as much as it seemed like they're saying that, that the neutrinos were interacting with either Wz bows ons or some other particle between the Sun and the Earth and ordered oscillate or those oscillations being
07:35:07 driven by an interaction, or is that purely a probabilistic function, my understanding from this is that it's probably list because they call it qualify probabilistic in it which made it seem like it was just the probabilities are just falling out of
07:35:20 like Ambien interactions maybe that's what I was thinking. Anyway, is not really any space that nutrient is can travel through where they're not going to have some level of interactions right.
07:35:30 Otherwise, like how could it neutrino go from like a smaller mass to a larger mass, if they didn't somehow get that energy from some kind of interaction right the uncertainty principle may be sufficient for that, but that means that we might be talking
07:35:43 about the interaction with the vacuum expectation value of the energy and the ambient space maybe like quantum field fluctuations. Because Isn't that how the uncertainty principle works and other models where they basically borrows energy from the vacuum
07:35:57 and then gives it back.
07:35:59 Alright, so I thought it was I thought was more particle based like it was like they were encountering, you know bosons or something in space.
07:36:06 I don't think that can be true. Well, maybe it's true maybe that's why they isolate but I mean they're saying that, even though these guys don't interact with the wh zero zones.
07:36:20 Please still.
07:36:22 Okay, I was just talking about normal ones, you can still stay with the other ones so they can so absolutely right.
07:36:29 with the wnz bosoms, then it can be caused by good week field, but they all have mass right so they all have to be interacting with the Higgs field right and that has a specific vacuum expectation value right so maybe that mass oscillation has something
07:36:59 to do with this interaction with the Higgs field.
07:37:02 Honestly, they spend a lot of time talking about the Higgs field in here but I wasn't always sure exactly what was going on. Yeah, it's a tricky subject the neutrinos are so unbelievably weird, and then to throw on top of this possibility of sterile neutrinos.
07:37:16 It's like, Holy smokes, because this is a whole other whole other ballgame. I mean, at least with most of quantum physics, you have discrete particles that remain discrete particles.
07:37:28 I guess corks do some kind of oscillations to generally just look at it as an idea like we don't look at the world right.
07:37:35 Yeah, the world was wave freaky or than we normally think, but at least normally like electrons, stay the same you know you think, you know, certain particles decay like a new ones that come into the atmosphere.
07:37:48 I mean, they all have a, an identity and when they decay that became very specific ways.
07:37:54 You know only only it was the, I guess the neutrinos and corks The only ones I can think of off the top my hand to do this weird oscillation thing where they changed from like one basically flavor to another right.
07:38:04 We should talk more about the sterile neutrinos so the accelerator experiments are the reactor experiments, I should say are indicating that there could be the presence of these several neutrinos with a rest massive somewhere around one electron volts.
07:38:23 In that, you know, mass square term, but cosmological either looking at sterile neutrinos with a much larger mass, like 3.5 kilo electron volts right well they're seeing a line at 3.5 cooler from volts per saying that the neutrino has to have 7.1.
07:38:38 electron volts, as its mass to see that line during the decay. Oh, okay. So, so the neutrino decays. So what happens is the circle neutrino isolates back into an active neutrino.
07:38:52 And that actually neutrino is excited so it. It's Wz particle I don't remember which one, and that z particle then splits off into two more neutrinos.
07:39:07 That's the signature that they're looking at in that 3.5 kilo electron volts line.
07:39:09 Now, I guess that's the explanation for the line so the line came person the explanation came later. But that's how they're interpreting that one. So they're seeing the photons with that much energy is that right the 3.5 kilo electron volts photons.
07:39:22 I don't think of the measurement of the neutrinos so eventually was have turned into photons.
07:39:26 Okay, so that's what they're thinking might be a dark matter candidate right that's what they think is a dark matter candidate, although it's really really heavy.
07:39:33 Yeah that is way heavier than the reactor experiments are indicating.
07:39:39 But on the other hand, cosmological Lee, like you know you see cosmic rays with tons of energy to right, it's way higher than anything we produce in a reactor, so I wonder I wonder if there's some mechanism cosmological that could explain the presence
07:39:52 of those high energy neutrinos, like maybe, I don't know black holes or something couldn't create a really high energy neutrino, I don't know.
07:40:11 I thought that was only like a hot, hot Dark Matter candidate. If they had the really low like one electron volts, rest mass but that it could emulate the findings are seeing, which is, which is like a cold dark matter of thing, if they were much more
07:40:35 because then they'd have what less kinetic energy right. I think that's why they call them warm. So at some point in one of these papers. I think it was the one we're talking about, which is no other role of sterile neutrinos in particle physics, yeah
07:40:41 the roles of certain fields in particle physics, which is a review article by Satan que con who's in Korea. Yeah, yeah. So I think that's the reason why they made the distinction between hot and warm, right, because nobody likes hot dark matter anymore.
07:40:59 Yeah, that's can work because it wouldn't clump right though, if it was hot, it wouldn't clump around the galaxies like we're seeing is that right. I think that's one of the reasons I mean there were a lot of reasons why.
07:41:09 It couldn't be about dark matter was explained galaxies, stability, and so I mean that would have been one of the first things that go into the theory so maybe after a while, people decided didn't work but probably there were a lot of other reasons that
07:41:23 went into that.
07:41:24 Well, I just think I mean if they were hot, and they you know they were real moving fast enough then they would have an enough kinetic energy they have escape velocity right so they want to gather in a nice cloud around galaxies right they just fly out
07:41:37 out all over the place in space like photons, possibly but I mean, at the time that people decided to, you know, neutrinos probably weren't the thing they were so, hoping that they were going to be with the Masada particles or something and he completely
07:41:50 Nast listen wander around and travel with the speed of light and all those other fun things you get to do when you have no mess. So I remember when Dark Matter first came out, the first.
07:42:02 No, you know. Well, I guess when it was being popularized in the press in the 90s. It seemed like our best explanation that point probably was something like a neutrino because it has to be something like virtually no interactions, other than gravity
07:42:13 And there has to be an awful lot of it. So this kind of brings that that idea back to life because even though your regular active neutrinos can't fit the bill, the sterile neutrinos might do it.
07:42:23 I don't think it ever really disappeared since the first idea about several neutrinos showed up I mean this persona neutrinos showed up in like 1968 or something like that.
07:42:32 Oh I thought that the like our first real indication that these babies existed was after that experiment that ran from like 1990 1995. We're at like Los Alamos National Lab.
07:42:43 Well I think that's the first time people thought they really need them. Oh, I see your theorized before that think there was a guy in Russia in 1968.
07:42:53 Yeah, I'm not going to try to pronounce his name.
07:42:54 First theorized them, and I think he was actually known for other things as well.
07:43:02 But there was no need for them, and it's one of these things where you're saying, basically, here's this thing that you'll never see as really important.
07:43:11 So, that's a great theory but you know we probably want to look for something that is a little more testable then later on they find out there's some deficiencies.
07:43:20 Once you find out there the deficiencies then you start worrying about things like that. Yeah, you're missing something right.
07:43:27 So there's also this weird, thumb. They call it tension, which is a nice word for it. tension between the appearance and disappearance arguments for the sterile neutrino.
07:43:40 So apparently they've got strong appearance, indications, but they have like counter disappearance evidence. So yeah, I mean the first paper actually seemed to be pretty good with both of them.
07:43:53 The first paper being sterile neutrino a short introduction, what I'm thinking about is the first paper is the one that basically started off people looking at several neutrinos is a really strong candidate, at least in this particular cycle, which was
07:44:07 are there several neutrinos at the electron volts scale. I cop. I'll Tony and Shrek. And that was in 2011, the other one that you're talking about this sterile neutrino a short introduction by now Marv from 2019.
07:44:24 And that's just going over the things that people sort of know extended some time in between there, or maybe just a personal judgment but sometime in the years, it seems like there was a falling out with the disappearance data because cop seemed to be
07:44:39 It seems like there was a falling out with the disappearance data because cop seemed to be pretty happy with using the disappear status to try to fit his three plus one, three plus two and one plus three plus form theories about the sterile nutrients.
07:44:52 And basically, he was using that disappearance stated help and try to get stuff, but there was an issue in the, in the 2019 paper. So those disappeared stated don't really seem to fit everything else, so we should talk about that.
07:45:04 Right. I mean there is another thing there that we didn't mention which is, if there's one sister all neutrino, why aren't there more several neutrinos.
07:45:13 And in fact, when this cop was looking at the data. This guy's from Fermilab. He didn't think that having just one certain neutrino get the right and he wanted to.
07:45:24 Yes, so he thought he needed to to actually fit the data that he had from the LSND and the mini boon experiments.
07:45:34 Although the later papers, seem to think that both of these experiments were not correct in some way.
07:45:42 And we shouldn't think about them booth very heart. Yeah, Dimitri nama does seem to be kind of bearish on the subject, based on that disappearance data.
07:45:52 Well, but he still looks at several things. Well, basically, you know, we have the two different ideas here like appearance data says that if you have a decay new on, it's going to pay into an electron, or positron plus a electron neutrino plus neutrino
07:46:11 an anti immune neutrino right now anytime you neutrino. Then there's an excess there's more electron neutrinos and you expect, and that's what it maybe my appearance and disappearance they're looking at the reactors.
07:46:23 And, you know, somebody updated the theory, and all of a sudden, there were fewer on the order of six to 12% fewer neutrinos than you expected in reactors and in calibration sources and stuff like that.
07:46:38 So those are the anomalies that tell you that you probably need this has the logical data doesn't really tell you you probably need this, but instead you're trying to use this to explain the cosmological data right but there it has more logical data seems
07:46:52 to be not neutral but fairly aggressively against anything that anybody thinks up to explain it, at least as far as I can tell, because in this paper Lee I think you're right i mean this paper on sterile neutrino short introduction my novel paper.
07:47:07 He's seems to be pointing at Big Bang nuclear synthesis and the inflationary rate of the universe.
07:47:14 How that how the existence of sterile neutrinos would alter those models significantly. Right.
07:47:26 I think he said that the universe would expand faster during the inflationary epoch, and it would alter the nucleus at this is so that when we might get different readings on like a hydrogen isotopes and so forth or helium isotopes, can't remember which,
07:47:36 I can't remember what, but then in, and so that sounded really compelling like okay yeah if it's just going to change the, the entire Big Bang cosmology and give us wrong estimates of the prevalence of isotopes in the early universe then, this can't be
07:47:48 right. But then, reading in the role of sterile neutrinos in particle physics paper.
07:47:55 It seems like he was saying that because the sterile neutrino isn't going to interact via that weak force, and because of its, what was it its mass maybe he said that who actually want to be detectable they want to create a detectable influence on the
07:48:10 abundances of early isotopes. So they seem to be having two different viewpoints they're like that papers seem to indicate that the sterile the trainers are still allowable within the cosmological data, right.
07:48:24 So it's a very controversial area, no doubt. When I look at these papers, there were a lot of them that came out, you know, last week, even when this gets put up online, they'll still be a lot of makeup put out last week, so people doing a lot of work
07:48:38 in the area and trying to explain things with the several neutrinos, and maybe if I things that were not so ancient like these two and 2019 papers.
07:48:51 2019 is ancient now, you never know
07:48:56 everything could have changed. Right. But it's hard to tell because, you know, if you look at the press, everything is brand new and never been done before and all that other stuff so it's hard to actually use them as a guide to what's going on.
07:49:07 Instead, you have to sit around and read a bunch of 50 page papers, see if there's actually anything new one. Yeah, somebody thought there was something know at least enough new to publish.
07:49:18 Like I was saying, you know, we've got these different experiments with these different things. I think it is estimates of the parameter matrix element.
07:49:29 So, these things mix, right, you can talk about as an angle but really it's mathematically represented as a matrix that looks like rotation matrix is a unitary matrix it acts like a rotation matrix.
07:49:41 So, you have you, remembering something. According to a street grid, and then you wanted to switch it over to north, south, east, west sort of thing you'd have a matrix similar to that, you could use this to rotate the components.
07:49:56 And that's how they get the masses, right, because that works.
07:50:00 You have a mass, if they weren't rotated rotation. These are real rotation what it is is it basically gives you the superposition state of the neutrinos.
07:50:09 And so that's going to tell you well if you have an electron.
07:50:14 Then you have so much new ones so much new to so much new three.
07:50:20 Right. And if you have a new one, you have a different number for each one of those. So each one of the three neutrinos that we see is a different superposition a different linear combination of different combination of the three standard model neutrinos,
07:50:37 does anybody offer any explanation on. I'm confused because how can this sterile neutrino oscillate with with active neutrinos like how do you lose the weak force interaction.
07:50:49 And another way that's true but I think that's just part of the quantum mechanics, you know the oscillations are sort of part of the quantum mechanics, I think that part of the interactions, so you're just saying that, instead of having three different
07:51:02 standard model neutrinos you have the three center mountain credos, plus a sterile neutrino, or two, or seven or however many decide you need to make this work.
07:51:12 You just had an oscillation of more things.
07:51:14 So when you're trying to detect the neutrinos This is why the disappearance data is so compelling is you'd expect to be able to detect a certain probability from any reactor or the sun or whatever, but you're seeing a gap, like you're not getting the
07:51:41 that you expected. So it looks like you're missing something right to the tune of a few percent, you have postulate these sterile neutrinos it's really fascinating for the different experiments that mixing has to be smaller and smaller from different things, right.
07:51:43 right. So, for the reactor deficit disorder of the absolute value of the matrix element for the mixing between an electron and the poor country no has to be 0.1 for our friend now mouth, said the for cosmological stuff.
07:51:58 it sounds to me for all the cosmological stuff that e4 element has to be very very small, which means that it just doesn't happen, right. So, to explain this stuff in the early universe, basically, you know the Big Bang nuclear synthesis stuff, three
07:52:14 combination epic yeah and the cosmic microwave background and all that other stuff. If you try to explain those things, then that mixing element has to be very very small, basically, to the point where it almost never happens that the neutrinos will turn
07:52:29 into the several neutrino for a while. So that's a little bit weird for two different regimes actually put multiple regimes, either the largest in the smallest of the different regimes for them.
07:52:41 Yeah, he was saying that the cosmological arguments disfavor additional external neutrinos with math is larger than like point three electrons.
07:52:50 That's right. So those would be the order of these other neutrinos, and that also means that they be oscillating a lot with them, so you know it's starting to get to a point where it doesn't look like it's a completely coherent idea, but like I said there
07:53:04 are a lot of people working on it maybe there's a way to put it all together. Yeah, this is such a challenging area because they were running those experiments at Los Alamos National Lab for like five years and they got like 90 detections of neutrinos
07:53:18 over that period. We're used to thinking about you know the billions of inner of collisions they have per second or whatever the Large Hadron Collider.
07:53:26 So yeah, we're working with limited data, and it's such a nascent field of exploration, that there's all kinds of experiments and errors in there that we might not be able to see right, possibly I think you do a pretty good job of things.
07:53:39 Yeah. Is it got all these cross sections and everything worked out but still, the data is so limited right like it's so hard to get detections if you could get a few billion detections and you'll be a lot easier to analyze this statistically and get higher
07:53:51 confidence, but I did notice that they're talking about like three sigma confidence level that there's another neutrino right and this makes at least, but then they said that the combine the data from one experiment and a completely different experiment.
07:54:05 And I don't know if that's legitimate Can you do that can you combine data, then they said that it was like a six sigma confidence level for the existence of another type of neutrino.
07:54:15 And then, that kind of sets you back on your heels you're like shit four five is the standard right yeah I think that was the whole point of what top was doing right.
07:54:22 Yeah, That's right. On the other hand, he knows it's warm so great. And then when you look at sort of the ranges were these things could actually be.
07:54:32 They're pretty small. Right. I mean, they're pretty small and they're not really finding things there so it's a little bit worrying, to think about it that way.
07:54:41 And again, the data are not all consistent where would be so you look at this kind of experimented so it's okay with that it doesn't work at all, so they have very specific ranges, but as far as I know they hadn't really found anything there, and sometimes
07:54:56 some of these lines where they say the things have been cross off still kind of close to it so I mean possibly there's something there but, but it is and look really compelling, although I mean obviously they think it is maybe just want to be the first
07:55:19 one to predict it, just in case.
07:55:13 I don't know I mean that those discrepancies I mean, like you said, I mean, when you've got discrepancies on the order of like, you know, five to 12 or 13% or whatever.
07:55:22 That's pretty significant. I mean, even though we are working with limited numbers of detections they've been doing it for a long time. Right. And they do have a good handle on how often those interactions happen with the particles and their chamber and
07:55:34 they can detect that and they know what these are top quantum physicists figuring out these experiments, that's still a very significant finding think there's something going on there that they can explain.
07:55:44 I mean, the big significance about this is not so much the explanation not in the explanations interesting, but I don't really understand why there wouldn't be something else plus the line with the that pretty much says, There's no more neutrino except
07:55:59 PDSA well then it doesn't interact with anything. So neutrino that doesn't interact with the WMZ particles, but the discrepancies. Look, important enough to be one of these things we think it's one of the one of these places where the standard model is
07:56:13 going to break down right I guess that's why the pressing into it because that's our first exciting light for new standard model of physics right beyond standard model of physics.
07:56:22 Yeah, there aren't very many places where it looks like there are problems with the standard model. I didn't talk about it 17 a couple episodes ago there's this and there's like, there's one other thing that I have to say though I did lose a lot of my
07:56:33 excitement about the X 17 findings when I did some further reading and found out that apparently that same lab has been predicting this kind of particle on multiple occasions before over a period of like 10 or 20 years, and they were you know they're
07:56:45 wrong. On the other hand, the several neutrinos acts 17. You know what they're seeing is saying that there's something wrong with the standard model, the ideas that they have might not be the right ideas, but what they're seeing is probably significant.
07:57:03 Yeah, and that's that's more than we've gotten from the freakin multibillion dollar Large Hadron Collider which only really confirmed the Higgs boson and everything else.
07:57:12 Yeah, a lot of places we just see confirmations and that's nice, it's useful, but it's just confirming what seems to have been true already. Yeah, pretty well trodden since what the 70s or 60s.
07:57:25 You know the standard models complex enough, but I mean the places where it breaks down is where there's going to be new fundamental physics for the people who do that, because otherwise we're going to get really bored, does that to make a modification
07:57:38 of the Standard Model when they found neutrino oscillations. I don't know how much they had to change it. I think what happened is they sort of changed what they meant by an electron neutrino right to be this mix of the center of all neutrinos.
07:57:53 Okay, so it's pretty minor modification that in order to accommodate that. Because I don't remember they were surprised by it so it wasn't predicted by the standard bottle.
07:58:02 No, no, maybe not, but they were able to cobble it in, I guess, seems to be good enough. That's it kind of exciting thing because if they had to modify the Standard Model A little bit once for neutrinos maybe they have to do it again.
07:58:12 I mean if there's actually anything to this.
07:58:15 Yeah, well, was there anything else in these papers you wanted to touch on Jim, I think that's everything I'm mean for the last one, the rules paper I only read at once and so that pretty quick so see no I don't see anything except for notes telling me
07:58:31 to look up other things, see what the hell we were talking about, I have to say that I was really impressed when I was reading about how this all came about right how this Sterling Trina idea started or emerged in the like the disappearance data and all
07:58:45 that, and family lab like built like a special detector neutrino detector in order to test those results with equipment tailor made for that exploration.
07:58:57 And that was the mini boom, and now they're working on the micro Boone right so it's cool that they're building like customized detectors to explore these questions.
07:59:06 I'm more excited about these kind of like tailor made experiments to answers, certain, you know, empirically driven questions that come up that I am about this like building a bigger Collider, you know some places that can't build a bigger collider right
07:59:19 like in the middle of Chicago. Sure, and they're not cheap either you can't go building a, you know, increasing order of magnitude collision energies, you know, every year.
07:59:31 It's a really expensive way to go, but these are cool because they're, they're less expensive, and they're and they're looking to answer a specific question which came up, you know.
07:59:39 Okay. So, apparently, I do have a note here that says that me right handed neutrinos right so interact with the left handed neutrinos, and the Higgs particle via the collar interactions so it seems something about the form of the interactions, basically
07:59:54 saying that somehow there, they are pulling the energy out of the vacuum exploitation value of the Higgs field. Okay so, so the active and the sterile neutrinos, which are the left handed and right handed neutrinos.
08:00:07 They do interact, but it's mediated by this Higgs field. Well, I'm not sure, the way I, the way I wrote it down, it sounds like the both interact with a blue collar type interaction, but it doesn't say exactly what all pressroom.
08:00:23 Okay, That's the way I read down in my notes. The Ocala potential that that's that plays a big, big role in the strong force Right, yeah. So when you get to get your name on one of these equations, Jim.
08:00:41 I think it's a little late if I was going to do that I would have done it that way you Cal was he was some you know upstart like MIT grad or something.
08:00:45 On 25 I'm going to revolutionize physics with this equation, I don't know, let's see, he was born in 1907, so probably not right he was like our age. Now he's probably is like 40 or something right oh geez, he was in the 30s.
08:01:01 So yeah, he was in his 20s.
08:01:05 So yes, you have to remember that next life.
08:01:11 So you got to give up all the good stuff when you're like a teenager and in the young adult in order to make your breakthrough and then you can like as party.
08:01:19 I should have put that put that backwards in my life.
08:01:23 Yeah, I don't think it works that way I think if you miss out on your 20s you never get them back.
08:01:30 Unless you move to New Orleans.
08:01:36 Yeah, I guess I've seen a couple guys in New Orleans try that. Burning Man to you'll see some of that.
08:01:40 That's another reason to stay with it. Yep, got it all hanging out baby.
08:01:46 All right, Jim, thank you so much for going over all this with me. So it's a really intriguing thing I mean there's definitely something something he's explaining here we just stare on the train was might be the way to go, or maybe there's something even
08:01:56 weirder going on with neutrinos that we don't know yet. There must be something weird going on with neutrinos, well there's something weird happening right because they can't explain away those discrepancies right.
08:02:06 Doesn't matter how big a hole you dig under South Dakota, you still can't find enough of them to figure out what the hell is going on, or Antarctica, like you've seen the ice cube right.
08:02:15 I've never been there No, I mean, I've seen photos right they made this gigantic neutrino detector under the ice, you know, it's crazy. That's a good place for not going to get very many visitors.
08:02:27 I'd love to see it but there's just no freakin way I want to go into the freaking it's archaic yeah that's another thing you miss.
08:02:33 I did have a friend who decided to go down, down there oh yeah but
08:02:40 yeah I don't, I don't remember I just remember he decided I'm gonna take six months out of my life and live in an article, Jesus, I don't know why I decided that, but then I never saw it again so
08:02:52 you know if you made it back.
08:02:54 Well, I don't even know if he made it there. Okay. Was there an intro definitely is the ARPANET back then or something. Oh, man, that was a long time.
08:03:02 It was probably 94 so with the people I was hanging out with.
08:03:06 Oh, right. Well, that is a wrap. All right, Jim, we have a great week. Oh, you want to do this in a week. Yeah, absolutely. We know we got the pandemic vacation going on so let's make use of it remain sterile disinfect your groceries in the, you know,
08:03:21 we'll make it till next week and we'll do another one that's a horrible thing to say to them.
08:03:30 I'll talk to you later right duel friend gave
08:03:32 You have just listened to episode number 52 of physics frontiers sterile neutrinos Show Notes for this episode can be found at frontiers physics FM com slash 50 to show notes include the papers we read for this program as well as related episodes of physics
08:03:50 frontiers. thank you very much for listening, and good night.
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